First Assignment of Biochemistry

1. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biologi

a. The central dog ma is some thing that we can’t prove it scientifically.

we know in manufacture of protein from DNA needs some process and also needs enzyme as catalyst that made of protein. In case we didn’t know which one create first between both enzyme or protein so, it calls central dogma.

b. The central dogma of molecular biology was first articulated by Francis Crick in 1958 and re-stated in a Nature paper published in 1970.The “Central Dogma” refers to the flow of genetic information in biological systems. In general, genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) encodes the genetic information for most species. In order to use this information to produce proteins, the DNA must first be converted into a messenger RNA (ribonucleic acid) through a process called transcription. The information carried by the mRNA is then used to construct a specific protein (or polypeptide) through a process called translation. Each polypeptide then performs a specific function in the cell.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology)

2. Buffer
is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. It has the property that the pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. Many life forms thrive only in a relatively small pH range; an example of a buffer solution is blood.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_solution)

(http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia_fisika1/kesetimbangan_asam_basa/larutan_penyangga/)

3. In the cells, Enzyme work and active at a certain pH?

Enzyme activates at each optimal pH. Usually it Activates accordance with its workplace, for example pepsin enzyme working at 2 pH, amylase enzyme working at neutral pH(7 pH) , another example ptialin enzyme working at 7.5 – 8 pH.

(http://metabolismelink.freehostia.com/enzim.htm)

(http://filzahazny.wordpress.com/2009/07/10/enzim-2/)

4. How the cell maintain the pH of the solution in the cell?

All metabolic processes, including immunity, depend on a delicately balanced pH, which harmonizes electromagnetic energies. The body constantly fights to maintain a blood pH at around 7.35 -7.45 much like our internal thermostat that tries to maintain a 98.6-degree body temperature. There are seven homeostatic adaptation responses that fight to maintain this pH balance.

1. Using high pH bodily fluids such as water as a solvent to neutralize acid residues.
2. Pulling bicarbonate from the pancreas into the blood (an alkalizing agent). Bicarbonate ions are generated into the blood cells from carbon dioxide and diffuse into the plasma.
3. Protein buffers of glutathione, methionine, cystine, taurine, just to name a few, act as buffers intra-cellularly to bind or neutralize acids during cellular disorganization.
4. Electrolyte buffers of sodium, calcium and potassium work in the blood, lymph, and extra-cellular and in­tracellular fluids to bind acids, which are then removed through the urine.
5. Pulling stored calcium and magnesium from skeletal bones and teeth to neutralize blood acids.
6. Filtration and elimination of acidic residues through the skin, urinary tract and respiration.
7. Pushing blood acid residues and accumulated toxins into outer extremities as a storage bin away from vital organs. The wrist, joints, fingers, toes and skin are the major target areas to keep the toxins from saturating internal vital organs like the heart and lungs.

When all seven-protection phases are over­whelmed, the end result is accumulated acid residues at the cellular level, which drown out oxygen. With this acidic, low oxygen terrain, the microzyma’s (small ferments) trigger morbid microbe infiltration of fungus, molds and parasites, cancer cells, etc., where they seek the diseased acid terrain as food.

As these organisms feed, they produce waste just like you do. Their urine and feces are called mycotoxins, which are very poisonous to humans. Being acids themselves, mycotoxins greatly worsen the acidity caused by an acidic diet and toxic acid emotions. They are spilled into the blood as well as inside cells, where they cause free radical damage to the genetic material of the cell eventually causing cell death. The dead necrotic cells also spill out acid wastes. The blood poisoning results in more cell and tissue poisoning furthering the disturbance of the microzyma triggering morbid forms of yeast, molds and viruses, which disrupts body chemistry causing disease to the systems. So it’s a vicious cycle. One acid condition creates anothet Acidic diet coupled with toxic acid emotions creates an acid pH to the cells. This causes low oxygen levels (hypoxia), which is necessary for keeping back destructive anaerobic microbes and immuno-suppression is the result. Then medical doctors come in and treat the acid condidon with another acid (pharmaceuticals). 

(http://www.relfe.com/health_natural/pH_human_body_balance_health_level_1.html)

5. What chemical in the cell play a role as buffer?

• HCO₃^- and CO₂

(http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/Buffer/Buffer.html)

6. What is buffering Capacity

• The ability of a water body to resist large changes in pH when an acidic or alkaline solution is added to it.
• The equilibrium between the reserve and active zones tends to maintain a constant level of each ion in the active zone

(www-heb.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/water_quality/fish_and_pollution/glossary_e.htm)